Flappy ASM
The same program in M68K, RISC-V, Z80.
Build a Flappy ASM game with moving pipes, an animated bird and a score at the top of the Screen.
Tap Space, lowercase w, or Enter to flap. The bird falls between taps, and passing a pipe adds a
point. After a collision, tap once to reset the game and again to start.
Select Open in editor, then Build and Run. Click the Screen before typing. Click it
again after returning to the editor. The testcase below supplies no keys, so it checks only the
waiting screen. Play the game to try the controls and collisions.
The Screen is a grid of 192 × 256 words. The @screen line asks for a 384 × 512 pixel display with
unit=2, so each word is drawn as a 2 × 2 square. Word (x, y) is at
display + (y * 192 + x) * 4, and adding ROWBYTES, 768, moves straight down one row.
Use this map as you read the program. Read frame through draw first, then new_pipes,
move_pipes, and hit_test. Leave the drawing helpers until you want to see how the picture is
painted. The colour tables and the sprites are at the end, in a second .data section.
$s4isREADY(waiting) →PLAYING(moving) →DEAD(falling and waiting for a reset). A flap inDEADcallsnew_game, returning toREADY. The next flap starts play.$s2is bird height and$s3is vertical speed, both in sixteenths of a row. A smaller row number is higher on the Screen.$s5is the score,$s6the best score,$s7counts frames, and$s1holds the address ofdisplay.pipesholds three 12-byte records: the cap's left edgexat offset 0, gap middle at offset 4, and a counted flag at offset 8. Each game starts them at 216, 320 and 424, off the right edge.- Rows are 0–255, and the ground begins at row 216. A bird at top row
topoccupies[top, top + BIRDH), and a pipe atxoccupies[x, x + PIPEW). With gap middlem, the open rows are[m - HALFGAP, m + HALFGAP). The right endpoint is excluded in each interval. The pipes test a boxHITIN, 2 pixels, inside the bird's picture: columns[HITX, HITR), which is[50, 63), and rows[top + 2, top + 10). - Each frame reads all queued characters and handles the current state. While playing, it updates speed and height, moves the pipe records and checks collisions. Then it paints what changed, each pixel once: the pipe columns the move changed, the grass stripes, the bird and the score. Last, it sleeps until the next frame is due.
# @screen unit=2 width=384 height=512 base=display
.eqv MMIO 0xffff0000
# The grid: 192 x 256 words, each drawn as a 2 x 2 square
.eqv WIDTH 192
.eqv HEIGHT 256
.eqv ROWBYTES 768 # WIDTH * 4, from one row to the next
.eqv GROUNDY 216 # the first row of ground
.eqv GRASSY 217 # its light top row
.eqv STRIPEY 218 # the eight rows of striped grass
.eqv STRIPEEND 226 # and the dark row under them
.eqv SANDY 227
# The scenery behind the pipes
.eqv CLOUDY 150 # the base the clouds rise from
.eqv CITYY 204 # and the buildings
.eqv BUSHY 204 # and the bushes
# The bird
.eqv BIRDX 48 # the bird only ever moves up and down
.eqv BIRDW 17
.eqv BIRDH 12
.eqv BIRDR 65 # BIRDX + BIRDW, the column after the bird
.eqv HITX 50 # the box the pipes test, 2 inside the picture:
.eqv HITR 63 # its columns [HITX, HITR)
.eqv HITIN 2 # and its rows, HITIN inside the picture's
.eqv BIRDSTRIDE 68 # BIRDW * 4, from one row of its sprite to the next
.eqv BIRDBYTES 816 # BIRDW * BIRDH * 4, one picture of it
# Pipes and gaps
.eqv PIPEW 30 # the cap's width; the body is 2 narrower each side
.eqv CAPH 12
.eqv CAPLAST 11 # CAPH - 1, the cap's bottom edge row
.eqv HALFGAP 40
.eqv SPACING 104 # between one pipe and the next
.eqv CYCLE 312 # SPACING * 3, what a recycled pipe jumps by
.eqv FIRSTX 216 # WIDTH + 24, just off the right edge
.eqv GAPMIN 92 # the highest the middle of a gap goes
.eqv GAPSPAN 49 # and how far below that it can be
# Physics and timing
.eqv GRAV 5 # sixteenths of a row, per frame, per frame
.eqv FLAPV -80 # the speed one flap gives, upwards
.eqv MAXFALL 112
.eqv STARTY 1600 # 100 * 16, where the bird waits
.eqv RESTY 3264 # (GROUNDY - BIRDH) * 16, where a dead bird lands
.eqv FRAME 20 # milliseconds a frame
# The score
.eqv DIGITW 12
.eqv DIGITH 16
.eqv DIGITSTRIDE 48 # DIGITW * 4
.eqv DIGITBYTES 768 # DIGITW * DIGITH * 4, one digit
.eqv SCOREY 20
.eqv SCOREEND 36 # SCOREY + DIGITH
# Game states
.eqv READY 0
.eqv PLAYING 1
.eqv DEAD 2
# Colours
.eqv NONE 0 # no body in a pipe column; see-through in a sprite
.eqv SKY 0x004EC0CA
.eqv CLOUD 0x00E9FCD9
.eqv CITY 0x00A8DFB5
.eqv WINDOW 0x00D2F3DC
.eqv BUSH 0x005EE270
.eqv BUSHEDGE 0x0047BF5A
.eqv EDGE 0x00543847 # the dark outline of pipes and ground
.eqv PIPEHI 0x00E4FD8B
.eqv PIPELIGHT 0x009CE659
.eqv PIPEMID 0x0073BF2E
.eqv PIPEDARK 0x00558022
.eqv SAND 0x00DED895
.data
display: .space 196608 # WIDTH * HEIGHT words, four bytes each
backdrop: .space 165888 # WIDTH * GROUNDY words: the scenery, worked out once
pipes: .word 0, 0, 0 # three records: cap's left x, gap middle, counted
.word 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0
pipes_end:
seed: .word 0x1F123BB5
next_frame: .word 0 # the time the next frame starts at
pipes_moved: .word 0 # this frame, so their changed columns need painting
shown_y: .word 100 # the bird's top row on the Screen
shown_score: .word -1 # the score on the Screen, -1 for none yet
score_left: .word 0 # the columns the score takes this frame
score_right: .word 0
score_covered: .word 0 # a pipe column went around the score this frame
digit_buf: .space 12 # the score's digits, highest first, then 255
over: .asciiz "Game over. Score: "
bestmsg: .asciiz ", best: "
.text
.globl main
main:
la $s1, display
li $s6, 0 # the best score of the session
li $s7, 0 # frames since the program started
jal make_backdrop
jal new_game
li $v0, 30 # service 30: milliseconds since the run started
syscall
sw $a0, next_frame # the first frame starts now
frame:
sw $zero, pipes_moved
# --- every character typed since the last frame, and only the flaps count ----
li $t7, MMIO
li $t8, 0
read_key:
lw $t0, 0($t7) # the receiver control register
andi $t0, $t0, 1 # the Ready bit
beqz $t0, keys_read
lw $t1, 4($t7) # the receiver data, which takes the character
andi $t1, $t1, 0xFF
beq $t1, ' ', flapped
beq $t1, 'w', flapped
bne $t1, 10, read_key # and Enter, which arrives as a newline
flapped:
li $t8, 1 # a flap began this frame
j read_key
keys_read:
beq $s4, PLAYING, playing
beq $s4, DEAD, dead
# --- waiting to start: the bird bobs until the first flap --------------------
bnez $t8, start
andi $t0, $s7, 31 # up for 16 frames, then down for 16
blt $t0, 16, bob
li $t1, 31
sub $t0, $t1, $t0
bob:
sll $t0, $t0, 2 # a quarter of a row a frame
addi $s2, $t0, STARTY
j draw
start:
li $v0, 30
syscall
bnez $a0, seeded # a zero seed would stay zero after every shift and xor
li $a0, 0x1F123BB5
seeded:
sw $a0, seed # starting time changes the gap sequence
jal new_pipes # off to the right, so there is nothing to repaint
li $s4, PLAYING
li $s3, FLAPV
j draw
# --- playing -----------------------------------------------------------------
playing:
beqz $t8, fall
li $s3, FLAPV # one tap is one flap, however fast you tap
fall:
addi $s3, $s3, GRAV
ble $s3, MAXFALL, capped
li $s3, MAXFALL
capped:
add $s2, $s2, $s3
bgez $s2, in_sky
li $s2, 0 # the top of the grid is a bump, not a death
li $s3, 0
in_sky:
jal move_pipes
jal hit_test
beqz $v0, draw
li $s4, DEAD
ble $s5, $s6, say_over
move $s6, $s5
say_over:
li $v0, 4
la $a0, over
syscall
li $v0, 1
move $a0, $s5
syscall
li $v0, 4
la $a0, bestmsg
syscall
li $v0, 1
move $a0, $s6
syscall
li $v0, 11
li $a0, '\n'
syscall
j draw
# --- dead: the bird drops to the ground, then waits for a flap ---------------
dead:
beqz $t8, dead_fall
jal new_game
j draw
dead_fall:
addi $s3, $s3, GRAV
ble $s3, MAXFALL, dcapped
li $s3, MAXFALL
dcapped:
add $s2, $s2, $s3
ble $s2, RESTY, draw
li $s2, RESTY
li $s3, 0
# --- the frame: everything that changed, each word painted once --------------
draw:
beq $s4, DEAD, counted # a dead bird's world stands still
addi $s7, $s7, 1
counted:
jal place_score
lw $t0, pipes_moved
beqz $t0, pipes_painted
jal repaint_pipes
pipes_painted:
beq $s4, DEAD, ground_painted
jal slide_stripes
ground_painted:
jal draw_bird
jal draw_score
jal wait_frame
j frame
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# The game
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# new_game(): the bird waiting, a score of 0, and the whole Screen repainted
new_game:
addi $sp, $sp, -4
sw $ra, 0($sp)
li $s2, STARTY # the bird, in sixteenths of a row
li $s3, 0 # and how fast it is falling
li $s4, READY
li $s5, 0 # the score
jal new_pipes
jal paint_world
lw $ra, 0($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 4
jr $ra
# new_pipes(): three pipes off to the right, each with a gap of its own
new_pipes:
addi $sp, $sp, -4
sw $ra, 0($sp)
la $t7, pipes
li $t6, FIRSTX
li $t5, 3
np_next:
sw $t6, 0($t7) # where its cap's left edge is
jal random_gap
sw $v0, 4($t7) # the middle of its gap
sw $zero, 8($t7) # and it has not been counted yet
addi $t6, $t6, SPACING
addi $t7, $t7, 12
addi $t5, $t5, -1
bnez $t5, np_next
lw $ra, 0($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 4
jr $ra
# move_pipes(): everything scrolls one column to the left. A pipe that has left
# the grid jumps a whole cycle to the right with a new gap, which is why three
# pipes are an endless course. The Screen catches up later, in repaint_pipes.
move_pipes:
addi $sp, $sp, -8
sw $ra, 4($sp)
sw $s0, 0($sp)
la $s0, pipes
mp_next:
lw $t7, 0($s0)
addi $t7, $t7, -1
bge $t7, -PIPEW, mp_moved
addi $t7, $t7, CYCLE
jal random_gap # which leaves $t7 alone
sw $v0, 4($s0)
sw $zero, 8($s0)
mp_moved:
sw $t7, 0($s0)
lw $t6, 8($s0) # already counted?
bnez $t6, mp_counted
addi $t6, $t7, PIPEW
bge $t6, BIRDX, mp_counted
li $t6, 1
sw $t6, 8($s0)
addi $s5, $s5, 1 # its right edge has passed the bird
mp_counted:
addi $s0, $s0, 12
la $t7, pipes_end
blt $s0, $t7, mp_next
li $t0, 1
sw $t0, pipes_moved
lw $s0, 0($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 8
jr $ra
# hit_test(): 1 in $v0 when the bird is touching a pipe or the ground. The
# ground stops the bird's picture; the pipes stop a box 2 pixels inside it,
# which leaves out its see-through corners and forgives a near miss.
hit_test:
sra $t0, $s2, 4 # the bird's top row
addi $t1, $t0, BIRDH # and one past its bottom one
ble $t1, GROUNDY, ht_sky # bottom edge at GROUNDY is still above ground
li $v0, 1
jr $ra
ht_sky:
addi $t0, $t0, HITIN # the box's top row
addi $t1, $t1, -HITIN # and one past its bottom one
la $t2, pipes
li $t3, 3
ht_next:
lw $t4, 0($t2)
bge $t4, HITR, ht_skip # this pipe is still to the right of the bird
addi $t5, $t4, PIPEW
ble $t5, HITX, ht_skip # and this one is already behind it
lw $t6, 4($t2)
addi $t7, $t6, -HALFGAP
blt $t0, $t7, ht_hit # above the gap
addi $t7, $t6, HALFGAP
bgt $t1, $t7, ht_hit # below it
ht_skip:
addi $t2, $t2, 12
addi $t3, $t3, -1
bnez $t3, ht_next
li $v0, 0
jr $ra
ht_hit:
li $v0, 1
jr $ra
# random_gap(): the middle of the next gap, in $v0, from a 32 bit xorshift.
# It changes $v0, $t9, and HI/LO.
random_gap:
lw $v0, seed
sll $t9, $v0, 13
xor $v0, $v0, $t9 # x = x ^ (x << 13)
srl $t9, $v0, 17
xor $v0, $v0, $t9 # x = x ^ (x >> 17)
sll $t9, $v0, 5
xor $v0, $v0, $t9 # x = x ^ (x << 5)
sw $v0, seed
srl $v0, $v0, 8 # its high bits are the ones worth using
li $t9, GAPSPAN
divu $v0, $t9
mfhi $v0
addi $v0, $v0, GAPMIN
jr $ra
# wait_frame(): sleep until the next frame is due, so frames start every FRAME
# milliseconds however long their drawing took. It always sleeps, for at least
# a millisecond, since a sleep is when the Screen shows the frame.
wait_frame:
li $v0, 30
syscall # $a0 = now
lw $t0, next_frame
sub $t1, $t0, $a0 # how long until the next frame is due
bge $t1, 1, wf_sleep
li $t1, 1 # running late: start the schedule again from now
move $t0, $a0
wf_sleep:
addi $t0, $t0, FRAME
sw $t0, next_frame
move $a0, $t1
li $v0, 32 # service 32: a0 milliseconds of program time
syscall
jr $ra
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Drawing. Every routine stores a word only when its colour changes, and each
# frame paints every word at most once, with the colour it ends the frame in:
# a frame shown before it is finished never shows a bird or a score missing.
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# make_backdrop(): the scenery, into backdrop: sky, clouds, buildings with
# windows and bushes, from the top of each column down to the ground.
make_backdrop:
li $t0, 0 # the column
mb_column:
andi $t1, $t0, 63
lbu $t1, cloud_rise($t1)
li $t3, CLOUDY
sub $t3, $t3, $t1 # $t3 = the clouds' top row in this column
srl $t1, $t0, 3 # which building: one every eight columns,
li $t2, 12
divu $t1, $t2
mfhi $t1 # and twelve of them over and over
lbu $t1, towers($t1)
li $t4, CITYY
sub $t4, $t4, $t1 # $t4 = the buildings' top row
andi $t1, $t0, 31
lbu $t1, bush_rise($t1)
li $t5, BUSHY
sub $t5, $t5, $t1 # $t5 = the bushes' top row
andi $t6, $t0, 7 # $t6 = the column within its building
la $t1, backdrop
sll $t2, $t0, 2
add $t1, $t1, $t2 # $t1 = this column's word in the top row
li $t2, 0 # the row
mb_row:
bge $t2, $t5, mb_bush # nearest first: bushes, buildings, clouds
bge $t2, $t4, mb_city
li $a1, CLOUD
bge $t2, $t3, mb_put
li $a1, SKY
j mb_put
mb_bush:
li $a1, BUSH
bne $t2, $t5, mb_put
li $a1, BUSHEDGE # the bushes' top row is darker
j mb_put
mb_city:
li $a1, CITY # windows in columns 2 and 5 of each building,
andi $a2, $t2, 3 # every fourth row, below the top two
bne $a2, 2, mb_put
addi $a2, $t4, 2
ble $t2, $a2, mb_put
beq $t6, 2, mb_window
bne $t6, 5, mb_put
mb_window:
li $a1, WINDOW
mb_put:
sw $a1, 0($t1)
addi $t1, $t1, ROWBYTES
addi $t2, $t2, 1
blt $t2, GROUNDY, mb_row
addi $t0, $t0, 1
blt $t0, WIDTH, mb_column
jr $ra
# fill_span(col, from, to, colour): rows from to to-1 of one column, in one
# colour, and never a row outside the window in $t8 and $t9. It also changes
# $a1 and $a2 when clipping, plus $t0, $t1 and $t2.
fill_span:
bge $a1, $t8, fs_top
move $a1, $t8
fs_top:
ble $a2, $t9, fs_rows
move $a2, $t9
fs_rows:
bge $a1, $a2, fs_done # a span the window has closed draws nothing
mul $t1, $a2, WIDTH
mul $t0, $a1, WIDTH # row * WIDTH
add $t0, $t0, $a0 # + col
sll $t0, $t0, 2 # four bytes a word
add $t0, $t0, $s1
add $t1, $t1, $a0
sll $t1, $t1, 2
add $t1, $t1, $s1 # and the word just past the last row
fs_next:
lw $t2, 0($t0)
beq $t2, $a3, fs_same # already that colour: no store
sw $a3, 0($t0)
fs_same:
addi $t0, $t0, ROWBYTES # straight down to the next row
bne $t0, $t1, fs_next
fs_done:
jr $ra
# body_span(col, from, to, colour): fill_span, or backdrop_span for a NONE
# colour, where only a pipe's cap reaches
body_span:
beqz $a3, backdrop_span
j fill_span
# backdrop_span(col, from, to): as fill_span, with the backdrop's own
# colours. It also changes $t3 and $t4.
backdrop_span:
bge $a1, $t8, bs_top
move $a1, $t8
bs_top:
ble $a2, $t9, bs_rows
move $a2, $t9
bs_rows:
sub $t1, $a2, $a1
blez $t1, bs_done
mul $t0, $a1, WIDTH
add $t0, $t0, $a0
sll $t0, $t0, 2
la $t3, backdrop
add $t3, $t3, $t0 # the word in the backdrop
add $t0, $t0, $s1 # and the one on the Screen
bs_next:
lw $t4, 0($t3)
lw $t2, 0($t0)
beq $t2, $t4, bs_same
sw $t4, 0($t0)
bs_same:
addi $t3, $t3, ROWBYTES
addi $t0, $t0, ROWBYTES
addi $t1, $t1, -1
bnez $t1, bs_next
bs_done:
jr $ra
# cap_span(col, first row, -, colour in $v1): a cap's column, an edge row,
# ten shaded rows and another edge row, or the backdrop for a NONE colour,
# just past the pipe's right edge. It changes $a1 to $a3 and $t0 to $t5.
cap_span:
addi $sp, $sp, -4
sw $ra, 0($sp)
move $t5, $a1
bnez $v1, cs_cap
addi $a2, $t5, CAPH
jal backdrop_span
j cs_done
cs_cap:
li $a3, EDGE
addi $a2, $t5, 1
jal fill_span
move $a3, $v1
addi $a1, $t5, 1
addi $a2, $t5, CAPLAST
jal fill_span
li $a3, EDGE
addi $a1, $t5, CAPLAST
addi $a2, $t5, CAPH
jal fill_span
cs_done:
lw $ra, 0($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 4
jr $ra
# world_column(col): the backdrop and any pipe standing in this column, above
# the ground, in as much of the column as the window in $t8 and $t9 allows. A
# column off either side of the grid, or an empty window, draws nothing. It
# changes $a1 to $a3, $v0, $v1 and $t0 to $t7, and leaves $a0, $t8 and $t9
# alone.
world_column:
bge $t8, $t9, wc_done
bltz $a0, wc_done
bge $a0, WIDTH, wc_done
addi $sp, $sp, -4
sw $ra, 0($sp)
la $t0, pipes # is a pipe standing in this column
la $t1, pipes_end
wc_find:
lw $t2, 0($t0)
sub $t2, $a0, $t2 # the column within that pipe
bltz $t2, wc_skip
blt $t2, PIPEW, wc_pipe
wc_skip:
addi $t0, $t0, 12
blt $t0, $t1, wc_find
li $a1, 0 # no pipe: backdrop all the way down
li $a2, GROUNDY
jal backdrop_span
j wc_return
wc_pipe:
sll $t2, $t2, 2
lw $v0, body_shade($t2) # $v0 = the body's colour in this column
lw $v1, cap_shade($t2) # $v1 = the caps' colour
lw $t1, 4($t0) # the middle of its gap
addi $t6, $t1, -HALFGAP # $t6 = the gap's top row
addi $t7, $t1, HALFGAP # $t7 = one past its bottom row
li $a1, 0
addi $a2, $t6, -CAPH
move $a3, $v0
jal body_span # from the top of the grid down to the upper cap
addi $a1, $t6, -CAPH
jal cap_span # the upper cap, just above the gap
move $a1, $t6
move $a2, $t7
jal backdrop_span # the gap itself
move $a1, $t7
jal cap_span # the lower cap
addi $a1, $t7, CAPH
li $a2, GROUNDY
move $a3, $v0
jal body_span # and from the lower cap down to the ground
wc_return:
lw $ra, 0($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 4
wc_done:
jr $ra
# paint_world(): every column, then the ground, which is the one full repaint
# a game has. The score has to be drawn again after it.
paint_world:
addi $sp, $sp, -8
sw $ra, 4($sp)
sw $s0, 0($sp)
li $t8, 0
li $t9, GROUNDY
li $s0, 0
pw_sky:
move $a0, $s0
jal world_column
addi $s0, $s0, 1
blt $s0, WIDTH, pw_sky
li $t8, 0
li $t9, HEIGHT
li $s0, 0
pw_ground:
move $a0, $s0
li $a1, GROUNDY
li $a2, GRASSY
li $a3, EDGE
jal fill_span # the outline along the top of the ground
li $a1, GRASSY
li $a2, STRIPEY
li $a3, PIPEHI
jal fill_span
li $a1, STRIPEEND
li $a2, SANDY
li $a3, PIPEDARK
jal fill_span
li $a1, SANDY
li $a2, HEIGHT
li $a3, SAND
jal fill_span
addi $s0, $s0, 1
blt $s0, WIDTH, pw_ground
jal paint_stripes # and the grass between them
li $t0, -1
sw $t0, shown_score
lw $s0, 0($sp)
lw $ra, 4($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 8
jr $ra
# paint_stripes(): the grass, diagonal stripes four columns wide: bit 2 of
# x + row + frames picks the light or the dark green
paint_stripes:
li $t1, STRIPEY # the row
ps_row:
mul $t3, $t1, ROWBYTES
add $t3, $t3, $s1 # its first word
addi $t4, $t3, ROWBYTES # and the one past its last
add $t5, $t1, $s7 # x + row + frames, starting from x = 0
ps_word:
andi $t2, $t5, 4
li $a3, PIPELIGHT
beqz $t2, ps_put
li $a3, PIPEMID
ps_put:
lw $t2, 0($t3)
beq $t2, $a3, ps_same
sw $a3, 0($t3)
ps_same:
addi $t3, $t3, 4
addi $t5, $t5, 1
blt $t3, $t4, ps_word
addi $t1, $t1, 1
blt $t1, STRIPEEND, ps_row
jr $ra
# slide_stripes(): one frame later, a stripe's colour has changed only in every
# fourth column, where x + row + frames is a multiple of 4: the light green
# becomes dark there, and the dark green light. Only those words are stored.
slide_stripes:
li $t1, STRIPEY # the row
ss_row:
add $t2, $t1, $s7
sub $t2, $zero, $t2
andi $t2, $t2, 3 # the first such column
mul $t3, $t1, WIDTH
add $t3, $t3, $t2
sll $t3, $t3, 2
add $t3, $t3, $s1 # its word
mul $t4, $t1, ROWBYTES
add $t4, $t4, $s1
addi $t4, $t4, ROWBYTES # the end of the row
add $t5, $t1, $s7
add $t5, $t5, $t2 # x + row + frames there
ss_word:
andi $t2, $t5, 4
li $a3, PIPELIGHT
beqz $t2, ss_put
li $a3, PIPEMID
ss_put:
sw $a3, 0($t3)
addi $t3, $t3, 16 # four columns on
addi $t5, $t5, 4
blt $t3, $t4, ss_word
addi $t1, $t1, 1
blt $t1, STRIPEEND, ss_row
jr $ra
# repaint_pipes(): the columns the pipes' move changed. A pipe moved one column
# left changes its column k only where its shading differs from column k - 1:
# the body rows where body_shade does, the cap rows where cap_shade does. The
# NONE words around the tables are the columns just outside the pipe, so k
# runs from 0 to PIPEW, the column just past its right edge. The rows the
# bird or the score takes this frame are left for draw_bird and draw_score.
# k lives in the stack frame, at 4($sp), since pipe_rows changes most
# temporary registers.
repaint_pipes:
addi $sp, $sp, -16
sw $ra, 12($sp)
sw $s0, 0($sp)
la $s0, pipes
rp_pipe:
sw $zero, 4($sp) # the column within the pipe, 0 to PIPEW
rp_column:
lw $t0, 4($sp)
lw $a0, 0($s0)
add $a0, $a0, $t0 # the Screen column
bltz $a0, rp_next
bge $a0, WIDTH, rp_next
sll $t1, $t0, 2
la $t0, body_shade
add $t0, $t0, $t1
lw $t2, 0($t0)
lw $t0, -4($t0)
bne $t2, $t0, rp_changed # the body's colour changed
la $t0, cap_shade
add $t0, $t0, $t1
lw $t2, 0($t0)
lw $t0, -4($t0)
beq $t2, $t0, rp_next # and neither did the caps'
rp_changed:
li $t8, GROUNDY # $t8 to $t9: the rows to leave alone, none so far
li $t9, GROUNDY
blt $a0, BIRDX, rp_score
bge $a0, BIRDR, rp_score
sra $t8, $s2, 4 # the bird's rows
addi $t9, $t8, BIRDH
j rp_paint
rp_score:
lw $t0, score_left
blt $a0, $t0, rp_paint
lw $t0, score_right
bge $a0, $t0, rp_paint
li $t8, SCOREY # the score's rows
li $t9, SCOREEND
li $t0, 1
sw $t0, score_covered
rp_paint:
sw $t9, 8($sp)
move $t9, $t8
li $t8, 0
lw $a1, 4($sp)
jal pipe_rows # above the rows left alone
lw $t8, 8($sp)
li $t9, GROUNDY
bge $t8, $t9, rp_next
lw $a1, 4($sp)
jal pipe_rows # and below them
rp_next:
lw $t0, 4($sp)
addi $t0, $t0, 1
sw $t0, 4($sp)
ble $t0, PIPEW, rp_column
addi $s0, $s0, 12
la $t0, pipes_end
blt $s0, $t0, rp_pipe
lw $s0, 0($sp)
lw $ra, 12($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 16
jr $ra
# pipe_rows(col, k): the rows of the column that changed when the pipe at $s0
# moved, k being the column within the pipe, within the window $t8 to $t9. It
# leaves $a0, $t8 and $t9 alone.
pipe_rows:
addi $sp, $sp, -8
sw $ra, 4($sp)
sw $a1, 0($sp)
lw $t0, 4($s0)
addi $t6, $t0, -HALFGAP # $t6 = the gap's top row
addi $t7, $t0, HALFGAP # $t7 = one past its bottom row
sll $t1, $a1, 2
la $t0, body_shade
add $t0, $t0, $t1
lw $v0, 0($t0) # $v0 = the body's colour in this column
lw $t0, -4($t0)
beq $v0, $t0, pr_caps
li $a1, 0
addi $a2, $t6, -CAPH
move $a3, $v0
jal body_span # above the upper cap
addi $a1, $t7, CAPH
li $a2, GROUNDY
move $a3, $v0
jal body_span # below the lower cap
pr_caps:
lw $t1, 0($sp)
sll $t1, $t1, 2
la $t0, cap_shade
add $t0, $t0, $t1
lw $v1, 0($t0) # $v1 = the caps' colour in this column
lw $t0, -4($t0)
beq $v1, $t0, pr_done
addi $a1, $t6, -CAPH
jal cap_span
move $a1, $t7
jal cap_span
pr_done:
lw $ra, 4($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 8
jr $ra
# sprite_column(col, from, to, sprite): rows from to to-1 of the column, the
# sprite's colour where it is drawn and not see-through, the world everywhere
# else. $a3 is the sprite's word for this column in its top row, $t5 the
# sprite's top row, $t6 its height and $t7 the bytes in a row of it. It leaves
# $a0 alone. The stack frame keeps the arguments, and at 8($sp) the first row
# the world still has to be painted from.
sprite_column:
addi $sp, $sp, -36
sw $ra, 0($sp)
sw $s0, 4($sp)
sw $a1, 8($sp)
sw $a2, 12($sp)
sw $a3, 16($sp)
sw $t5, 20($sp)
sw $t6, 24($sp)
sw $t7, 28($sp)
move $s0, $a1 # $s0 = the row
sc_row:
lw $t0, 12($sp)
bge $s0, $t0, sc_done
lw $t1, 20($sp)
sub $t1, $s0, $t1 # the row within the sprite
bltz $t1, sc_next
lw $t0, 24($sp)
bge $t1, $t0, sc_next
lw $t0, 28($sp)
mul $t1, $t1, $t0
lw $t0, 16($sp)
add $t1, $t1, $t0
lw $t2, 0($t1) # its colour
beqz $t2, sc_next # see-through
lw $t8, 8($sp)
bge $t8, $s0, sc_put
sw $t2, 32($sp)
move $t9, $s0
jal world_column # the world above it, down to this row
lw $t2, 32($sp)
sc_put:
mul $t0, $s0, WIDTH
add $t0, $t0, $a0
sll $t0, $t0, 2
add $t0, $t0, $s1
lw $t1, 0($t0)
beq $t1, $t2, sc_same
sw $t2, 0($t0)
sc_same:
addi $t0, $s0, 1
sw $t0, 8($sp)
sc_next:
addi $s0, $s0, 1
j sc_row
sc_done:
lw $t8, 8($sp)
lw $t9, 12($sp)
jal world_column # the world below the sprite's last row
lw $s0, 4($sp)
lw $ra, 0($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 36
jr $ra
# draw_bird(): the bird's columns, from the higher of its old and new top rows
# to the lower of their bottoms: the bird where it is now, with its wing up,
# level, down, level, four frames each, and the world where it was. The stack
# frame keeps the picture at 8($sp), its top row at 12($sp), and the rows to
# paint, from 16($sp) to 20($sp).
draw_bird:
addi $sp, $sp, -24
sw $ra, 0($sp)
sw $s0, 4($sp)
li $t0, 1 # the level wing, once it is dead
beq $s4, DEAD, db_frame
srl $t0, $s7, 2
andi $t0, $t0, 3
bne $t0, 3, db_frame
li $t0, 1
db_frame:
mul $t0, $t0, BIRDBYTES
la $t1, bird_sprites
add $t0, $t0, $t1
sw $t0, 8($sp) # the picture
sra $t0, $s2, 4
sw $t0, 12($sp) # its top row now
lw $t1, shown_y
move $t2, $t0 # from the higher top
ble $t0, $t1, db_from
move $t2, $t1
db_from:
sw $t2, 16($sp)
bge $t0, $t1, db_to # to the lower bottom
move $t0, $t1
db_to:
addi $t0, $t0, BIRDH
sw $t0, 20($sp)
li $s0, BIRDX
db_column:
move $a0, $s0
lw $a1, 16($sp)
lw $a2, 20($sp)
addi $t0, $s0, -BIRDX
sll $t0, $t0, 2
lw $a3, 8($sp)
add $a3, $a3, $t0
lw $t5, 12($sp)
li $t6, BIRDH
li $t7, BIRDSTRIDE
jal sprite_column
addi $s0, $s0, 1
blt $s0, BIRDR, db_column
lw $t0, 12($sp)
sw $t0, shown_y
lw $s0, 4($sp)
lw $ra, 0($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 24
jr $ra
# place_score(): the score's digits, highest first, into digit_buf, and the
# columns they take this frame, centred at the top. A score only grows during
# a game, so it always covers the columns of the one before it.
place_score:
move $t0, $s5
li $t2, 10
li $t3, 0 # how many digits
ps_split:
divu $t0, $t2
mfhi $t4
addi $sp, $sp, -4
sw $t4, 0($sp) # lowest first onto the stack,
addi $t3, $t3, 1
mflo $t0
bnez $t0, ps_split
la $t1, digit_buf
move $t4, $t3
ps_order:
lw $t0, 0($sp) # and off it highest first
addi $sp, $sp, 4
sb $t0, 0($t1)
addi $t1, $t1, 1
addi $t4, $t4, -1
bnez $t4, ps_order
li $t0, 255
sb $t0, 0($t1) # the end of the digits
mul $t0, $t3, DIGITW
li $t1, WIDTH
sub $t1, $t1, $t0
sra $t1, $t1, 1
sw $t1, score_left
add $t1, $t1, $t0
sw $t1, score_right
sw $zero, score_covered
jr $ra
# draw_score(): the score, when it has changed or a pipe column went around
# it. The next digit's place in digit_buf lives at 8($sp).
draw_score:
lw $t0, shown_score
bne $t0, $s5, ds_draw
lw $t0, score_covered
bnez $t0, ds_draw
jr $ra
ds_draw:
addi $sp, $sp, -16
sw $ra, 0($sp)
sw $s0, 4($sp)
sw $zero, 8($sp) # the first digit
lw $s0, score_left # $s0 = the column
ds_column:
lw $t1, 8($sp)
lbu $t0, digit_buf($t1)
beq $t0, 255, ds_done # past the last digit
mul $t0, $t0, DIGITBYTES
la $t2, digit_sprites
add $t0, $t0, $t2 # that digit's picture
mul $t1, $t1, DIGITW
lw $t2, score_left
add $t1, $t1, $t2 # its left column
sub $t1, $s0, $t1
sll $t1, $t1, 2
add $a3, $t0, $t1 # its word for this column
move $a0, $s0
li $a1, SCOREY
li $a2, SCOREEND
li $t5, SCOREY
li $t6, DIGITH
li $t7, DIGITSTRIDE
jal sprite_column
addi $s0, $s0, 1
lw $t0, score_left
sub $t0, $s0, $t0
li $t1, DIGITW
divu $t0, $t1
mfhi $t0
bnez $t0, ds_column
lw $t1, 8($sp)
addi $t1, $t1, 1 # the next digit starts here
sw $t1, 8($sp)
j ds_column
ds_done:
sw $s5, shown_score
lw $s0, 4($sp)
lw $ra, 0($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 16
jr $ra
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Colours and pictures
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
.data
.align 2
# A pipe's colours, column by column across its cap. The body is two columns
# narrower on each side, so its table starts and ends with NONE. The NONE
# words around the tables are the columns just left and right of the pipe.
.word NONE
body_shade:
.word NONE, NONE, EDGE, PIPELIGHT, PIPELIGHT, PIPELIGHT, PIPELIGHT, PIPEMID
.word PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID
.word PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK
.word PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK, EDGE, NONE, NONE
.word NONE
cap_shade:
.word EDGE, PIPELIGHT, PIPELIGHT, PIPEHI, PIPEHI, PIPEHI, PIPELIGHT, PIPELIGHT
.word PIPELIGHT, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID
.word PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEMID, PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK
.word PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK, PIPEDARK, EDGE
.word NONE
# How far the clouds and the bushes rise above their base, column by column,
# and the heights of the buildings, eight columns each.
cloud_rise:
.byte 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10
.byte 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 6
.byte 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9
.byte 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3
bush_rise:
.byte 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6
.byte 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 0
towers: .byte 26, 40, 32, 48, 22, 36, 44, 30, 52, 28, 38, 24
# The sprites: three pictures of the bird, its wing up, level and down, and the
# ten digits, one 0x00RRGGBB word a pixel, row by row. Black (0) is see-through.
.align 2
bird_sprites:
# wing up
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847
.word 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847
.word 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847
.word 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0xF8C82A, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0x543847, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C
.word 0x543847, 0xF25C3C, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C
.word 0xF09A2C, 0x543847, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C
.word 0xF09A2C, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
# wing level
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847
.word 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847
.word 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847
.word 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0xF8C82A, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0xF8C82A, 0x543847, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C
.word 0x543847, 0xF25C3C, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C
.word 0xF09A2C, 0x543847, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C
.word 0xF09A2C, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
# wing down
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847
.word 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847
.word 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0x543847
.word 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0xF8C82A, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0x543847, 0xF8C82A, 0xF8C82A
.word 0x543847, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0x543847, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0xFAEE9C, 0x543847, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C
.word 0x543847, 0xF25C3C, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C
.word 0xF09A2C, 0x543847, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0xF25C3C, 0x543847, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C, 0xF09A2C
.word 0xF09A2C, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
digit_sprites:
# 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
# 1
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
# 2
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
# 3
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
# 4
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
# 5
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
# 6
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
# 7
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
# 8
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
# 9
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFF, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0
.word 0, 0, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0x543847, 0, 0, 0, 0Follow one frame
read_key checks the keyboard receiver's Ready bit. Reading its data register consumes one
character, so the loop keeps reading until the queue is empty. Space, lowercase w, and Enter
(newline 10) set $t8 to 1. Several flap characters collected during one frame still make one
flap. In READY, the bird bobs a few rows up and down until that flap, which initializes the pipes
and sets speed to FLAPV. Movement begins on the next PLAYING frame. In DEAD, a flap calls
new_game, which repaints the whole Screen and waits for another flap.
During PLAYING, a flap sets speed $s3 to -80. Gravity then adds 5, the speed is limited to
MAXFALL, and that speed is added to height $s2. Starting at height 1600 (row 100), the first
playing frame after a flap makes speed -80 + 5 = -75 and height 1600 - 75 = 1525. The drawn top
row is 1525 >> 4 = 95. With no flap on the next frame, speed becomes -70, height becomes 1455,
and the drawn top row is 90. The lower four bits of height remain stored, so small changes can
accumulate even when the drawn row stays the same. Reaching the top clamps height and speed to 0.
move_pipes moves each left edge one column left. Once an edge moves past -PIPEW (-30), it
adds CYCLE (312), chooses a new gap, and clears that record's counted flag. Since there are
three pipes spaced 104 columns apart, CYCLE = 3 × SPACING keeps their spacing. When a pipe's
right edge is strictly left of BIRDX (48), its flag changes to 1 and the score goes up. It only
changes the records: repaint_pipes paints the move later in the frame.
hit_test compares edges using the half-open intervals in the map. For example, with gap middle
120 and HALFGAP = 40, open rows are [80, 160), meaning rows 80 through 159. A bird with top row
150 has the box [152, 160) and fits vertically. Top row 151 gives [153, 161), which touches the
lower pipe if their columns overlap. The box leaves out the picture's see-through corners and
forgives a near miss. The ground stops the whole picture: it begins at row 216, so a bird occupying
[204, 216) is still clear, while [205, 217) touches it. A collision changes $s4 to DEAD and prints the
final and best scores in the Console. The dead bird then falls to its resting height.
wait_frame targets one frame every 20 milliseconds. It stores the next frame's deadline in
next_frame, reads the current time with service 30, and sleeps for the remaining time with
service 32. It adds FRAME to the deadline for the following frame. If there is no time left to
wait, it resets the schedule from the current time.
The routine always sleeps for at least a millisecond, giving the Screen time to show the drawing. The Screen can also refresh between sleeps, while a frame is still being drawn. Because each pixel is painted once, with the colour it ends the frame in, such a frame is only an earlier version of the picture: the bird and the score never disappear from it. Drawing time and browser scheduling affect the actual time between frames.
Read the drawing helpers
The sky, clouds, buildings and bushes stay still, so make_backdrop draws them once into
backdrop, before the first frame. Three small tables supply repeating heights: cloud_rise for
clouds, bush_rise for bushes, and towers for buildings, one every eight columns. At each row,
the nearest layer supplies the colour: bushes cover buildings, buildings cover clouds, and clouds
cover sky. Buildings have windows in columns 2 and 5 every fourth row. backdrop has the same
layout as display, so the same offset reaches a cell in both arrays.
world_column repaints one column of the world above the ground: backdrop, or a pipe's body, its
upper cap, the gap, its lower cap and its body again. The pipe's shading comes from two tables with
one colour for each of its 30 columns, body_shade and cap_shade. The body is two columns
narrower on each side, so body_shade starts and ends with NONE, and body_span copies the
backdrop there. Every span routine paints rows in [from, to) within the clipping window $t8 to
$t9. Clipping a span changes $a1 or $a2.
Stores to display memory trigger Screen updates, and a frame has only about 20 milliseconds for
all of its work. Every drawing routine therefore loads the current colour and skips the store if
it already matches (beq $t2, $a3, fs_same in fill_span).
When a pipe moves one column left, its column k shows what column k - 1 showed before, so a
Screen column changes only where the pipe's shading differs from the column to its left, or where
its right edge uncovers the backdrop. The NONE words just before and after each shading table
represent the columns outside the pipe, so repaint_pipes can compare entry k with entry
k - 1. With these tables 13 of the 31 columns change, and pipe_rows repaints only what changed
in each: the body rows where body_shade changes, the cap rows where cap_shade does. The body
has few colour changes because each repaints about 110 rows; each cap change repaints only 24.
slide_stripes moves the grass stripes the same way: one frame later only every fourth word of a
stripe row has changed colour, so only those are stored. paint_world paints the full Screen at
the start of a game.
The bird and the score are drawn over the world, and each pixel is painted once a frame. So
repaint_pipes leaves out the rows the bird takes this frame, in the bird's columns, and the
score's rows in the score's columns, noting in score_covered that the score needs drawing again.
sprite_column then paints one column of a sprite and the world around it: walking down the rows,
it paints the world with world_column up to each pixel of the sprite that is not see-through,
then that pixel. draw_bird calls it for the bird's 17 columns, from the higher of its old and new
top rows to the lower of their bottoms, so the world is painted where the bird was and the bird
where it is. shown_y records where it was drawn.
The bird and the digits are sprites: blocks of words in the Screen's own 0x00RRGGBB format, one
per pixel, row after row. bird_sprites holds three pictures of 17 × 12 words, for the wing up,
level and down, and digit_sprites ten digits of 12 × 16. A word of 0, black, is see-through.
draw_bird picks a picture from the frame count, so the wing goes up, level, down, level.
place_score puts the score's digits into digit_buf, highest first, and works out the columns
they take this frame. draw_score draws them when the score has changed or a pipe column went
around it. In the Flappy ASM example Project, the sprites are the BMP pictures assets/bird.bmp
and assets/digits.bmp instead, which the program reads with the file services when it starts
and which you can edit in the Pixels view.
move_pipes, paint_world, repaint_pipes, sprite_column, draw_bird and draw_score save
$ra because they call other routines. The loops that use $s0 save and restore it too.
world_column changes every temporary register except $t8 and $t9, so repaint_pipes keeps
the column within the pipe in its stack frame, and sprite_column and draw_bird keep their
arguments there. random_gap changes $v0 and $t9, as well as the division's HI and LO
registers. That leaves the pipe's left edge in $t7 available across the call.
random_gap advances a stored number with shifts and xor, then divides by GAPSPAN to obtain
a remainder from 0 through 48. Adding GAPMIN gives a middle row from 92 through 140. Service 30
supplies the seed on the first flap, so the sequence depends on when play starts. If that time is
zero, start uses a nonzero fallback seed. Zero would stay zero through every xorshift step.
Try it
Change .eqv HALFGAP 40 to 30. Before running, predict the open rows for a pipe whose middle is
120: [120 - 30, 120 + 30) = [90, 150), or rows 90 through 149. Build and Run to see narrower gaps.
Both drawing and collision checking use the same constant, so a bird at top row 145, whose box is
[147, 155), no longer fits in that example gap.
Restore HALFGAP to 40, then change .eqv FLAPV -80 to -60. Predict the first playing frame
after a flap from height 1600: speed becomes -60 + 5 = -55, height becomes 1600 - 55 = 1545,
and the drawn top row is 1545 >> 4 = 96. Build and Run, tap once, and watch for a gentler rise.
Then change the sprites: in bird_sprites, replace every 0xF25C3C of the beak with another
colour, such as 0xF09A2C, or edit towers for a different skyline.
Instructions in this lesson
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